Vulvovaginal candidiasis, more commonly known as vaginal yeast infection, is an inflammation of the vagina and/or vulva caused by certain types of fungus. The infection can cause the affected area to itch and might lead to greater pain if left unchecked. Vulvovaginal candidiasis can be both infectious and recurrent, so immediate treatment is recommended.
This disease is most often caused by a proliferation of a fungus called Candida albicans. This fungus is present in roughly 20 percent of women without causing any harm, but an abnormal amount of it can lead to a discomforting infection. An infection can happen if the body's immune system is weakened, if a bacterial imbalance occurs or if the inner vagina is somehow injured. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives, diabetes mellitus and some vaginal sprays might increase the risk of a vulvovaginal candidiasis infection.
Women with vulvovaginal candidiasis will experience several symptoms, the most common of which is an inflammation of the vagina or vulva. The irritation can lead to vaginal or vulvar itching, which can escalate to burning sensations in the affected area. In some cases, the infection can lead to the development of an odorless, thick white discharge from the vagina.
There are several options for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The most common treatments are vaginal tablets, topical creams and oral medication. It is possible that the yeast infection is caused by multiple microbes; in these cases, many doctors prescribe a combination of these treatments.
Vaginal tablets are directly inserted into the vagina as suppositories. The most common medications for vulvovaginal candidiasis are nystatin and clotrimazole. These medications halt the growth of any yeast in the vagina, eliminate the infection and prevent any future fungal growth.
Topical creams such as butoconazole and miconazole work similarly. When applied in and around the vagina, any present infection is eliminated, and any form of growth is made improbable. Creams are most often used by women who feel uncomfortable inserting a tablet into their vagina.
Oral antifungal medications also are an option. These are not as well recommended as the other two options, however, because of the increased risk of side effects. These include migraine, nausea and abdominal pain. Oral medication is recommended only if the infection makes it uncomfortable to touch the affected area.
Early diagnosis and treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis is important, because the infection might spread to others through sexual contact. The symptoms are also very similar to more serious conditions, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. As such, it is highly recommended that individuals seek a doctor's opinion at the first sign of these symptoms.