Treatment for hypernatremia can range from lifestyle changes like dietary alterations to intravenous medication. Hypernatremia is a medical condition in which there is an abnormally high level of sodium in the blood. There are a handful of possible causes of this electrolyte imbalance, and the doctor will first try to determine the underlying cause before developing a treatment plan. Patients who experience possible symptoms of hypernatremia should see their doctors as soon as possible.
Some of these symptoms can be relatively mild, such as dizziness upon standing and a fever. Those who have a very high level of sodium may also experience persistent, severe constipation, severe diarrhea, or persistent nausea that prevents the patient from eating. A poor appetite, chest pain, and shortness of breath, along with vomiting several times a day may also indicate an electrolyte imbalance. Prompt medical attention is required for treatment for hypernatremia.
There are three main causes of this medical condition: excessive intake of sodium, excessive depletion of the body's water, or depletion of the body's water that exceeds the depletion of sodium. Once the doctor determines the cause, he will work to gradually lower the body's sodium levels. Rapidly lowering these levels is not advised, because this can cause cerebral edema, or swelling in the brain. Patients who suffer from dehydration will be treated for this over the course of 48 to 72 hours.
In addition to dehydration, diet may be another factor contributing to hypernatremia. People who eat excessive amounts of salt should follow a low-sodium diet, and those who also have diabetes may need to restrict their protein intake. Caffeine and alcohol should also be avoided to help maintain steady electrolyte levels. The doctor may advise the patient to drink a certain amount of fluids each day.
Sometimes, drugs such as medications for high blood pressure, licorice, and steroids may result in sodium imbalances. The doctor may evaluate the possibility of switching the patient to another medication for long-term treatment for hypernatremia. Other patients may have this condition because of an endocrine disease, like diabetes or aldosteronism, which is a hormonal disorder. Improved management of these conditions can also maintain the balance of the body's sodium levels.
Treatment for hypernatremia may also include intravenous medications if the patient has severe symptoms. Diuretics may be administered intravenously, and patients may also take loop diuretics which cause the body to rid itself of excess fluids through the kidneys, which also causes the excretion of excess sodium. Throughout the patient's treatment for hypernatremia, blood tests will be used periodically to monitor sodium levels.
