Temozolomide is a type of drug known as an alkalyting agent and is specifically used to treat glioblastoma multiforme, an aggressive, rapidly spreading type of brain tumor. Alkalyting agents work by damaging the DNA of a tumor, which destroys its cells and therefore helps restrict its growth. Temozolomide is considered cytotoxic, meaning it can be damaging to the body's tissues, and therefore should be prescribed and used with some caution. Patients with allergies to these types of drugs, or who have kidney, liver, or blood disorders may not be able to take temozolomide.
Glioblastoma multiforme is also known as Grade IV astrocytoma, and is the most common type of brain tumor to occur in humans. Along with surgical removal and radiation, the condition can be treated using temozolomide. Studies have shown that use of this medication has increased the chance of a positive outcome for some patients. It has also been used in the treatment of certain other cancers, such as melanoma and anaplastic astrocytoma.
The most common side effects of temozolomide are nausea and vomiting. It is important that the medication be taken on an empty stomach at least an hour before eating, with plenty of water, to ensure it is absorbed into the bloodstream effectively. This can be hard on the stomach, however; to deal with this, a doctor may prescribe an additional anti-nausea medication known as an antiemetic to take with it. The drug is taken in pill form and should always be swallowed whole, never chewed or crushed.
A variety of other side effects may be experienced while taking temozolomide. They can include head or back pain, feeling weak or tired, and loss of one's appetite. Patients may get dizzy and have trouble with coordination, notice changes in their vision, or have difficulty sleeping. Hair loss, nosebleeds, and skin discoloration may all occur. More serious side effects include an itchy rash or excessive bruising, trouble with swallowing or breathing, and seizures; patients who have any of these problems should contact their doctor immediately.
Women who are pregnant or nursing should not use temozolomide. The drug may lead to birth defects in a fetus if taken during pregnancy. It can also be expressed in breast milk and is therefore a risk to a nursing infant. Temozolomide also has the potential of causing infertility, which may be a consideration for patients with plans to have children in the future.