Bacterial infections throughout the body can lead to sepsis syndrome. Symptoms of sepsis syndrome include fever, increased heart and respiratory rate, and change in mental status. As sepsis worsens, symptoms can include difficulty breathing, decreased platelet count, and decreased urine output. Sepsis can become a life-threatening condition if not treated properly.
In response to a bacterial infection, the immune system kicks into action and causes inflammation as part of the normal process of fighting off infection. With sepsis, the immune system overreacts, and the inflammation spreads to other parts of the body. Sepsis can begin in any part of the body including the bowel, liver, lungs, and brain.
As the inflammation spreads, clots begin to develop in the blood vessels responsible for transporting blood and oxygen throughout the body. These clots restrict the ability of oxygen to reach the various organs of the human body. Organ failure becomes a real possibility once the process of sepsis begins.
Sepsis syndrome occurs in stages, starting with sepsis and progressing to severe sepsis before ending in septic shock, if not treated. Fever, confirmed infection, high heart rate, and increased respiratory rate all indicate sepsis. Severe sepsis is diagnosed once confusion, difficulty breathing, and abnormal heart function begin. Diagnosis of septic shock is made when severe sepsis signs occur in conjunction with dangerously low blood pressure.
Organs including the kidneys, liver, and lungs begin to shut down once septic shock sets in. The central nervous system also stops working properly. Septic shock can result in death. Survival hinges on fast and appropriate medical care and treatment.
Tests, including blood and urine tests, can help identify infections that may be causing sepsis syndrome. Computed Tomography (CT) scans and ultrasounds may be used to identify infections of the ovaries, pancreas, or bowels. Other tests a doctor may perform to diagnose sepsis symdrome include an x-ray or spinal tap.
People over the age of 65, infants, and those with compromised immune systems have an increased risk of developing sepsis syndrome. A weakened immune system can be the result of cancer, kidney failure, or pneumonia. Genetics can also play a role in developing sepsis.
Treatment will depend on the severity of the situation. Hospitalization will be required, and intravenous administration of antibiotics will be started. Those with low blood pressure will receive medication to help increase blood pressure. Other possible treatments include oxygen, dialysis in the case of kidney failure, and sedatives.