An angina attack is a cardiac event in which the flow of blood to the heart becomes temporarily restricted, usually resulting in moderate to severe chest discomfort. There are two primary types of attack: stable and unstable. The condition is often diagnosed using imaging or stress testing, and may be treated with lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery. As the symptoms of an angina attack can closely mirror those of a heart attack, it is important that those who experience angina attacks seek medical attention as necessary.
Normally, an angina attack occurs in an individual whose arteries have been narrowed by the buildup of a fatty matter called plaque. An attack arises when this plaque buildup prevents the heart from receiving sufficient amounts of oxygenated blood. Common symptoms of an angina attack include moderate to severe discomfort or pressure in the chest, discomfort in the upper back, shoulders, and arms, nausea, lightheadedness, and breathing difficulty.
The two primary types of angina attack are stable and unstable. Stable attacks usually occur when the heart requires increased amounts of oxygenated blood, such as during exercise or emotionally stressful events. While uncomfortable, a stable angina attack will often end minutes after heart exertion levels are returned to normal.
Unlike stable angina attacks, unstable attacks do not occur in response to a predictable heart stressor like exercise. Further, they may continue for 20 minutes or longer. Often, this type of attack can signal a blood clot or a severely blocked blood vessel. If left untreated, it can lead to a heart attack.
A number of tests may be used to diagnose angina. An electrocardiogram (ECG) machine may be used to measure the heart’s electrical activity. Imaging tests such as X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) scans may be administered to allow for a visual inspection of the heart and arteries. In addition, a stress test may be given so the heart’s response to exercise can be observed.
Treatment to reduce or prevent angina attacks can include behavioral modifications, such as beginning a regular exercise program or a low-fat diet. Medications like aspirin, statins, and nitrates may also be used to limit current attacks and discourage future ones. Those whose arteries are significantly blocked may best limit future angina attacks through a surgical procedure known as angioplasty.
The symptoms of an angina attack can closely mirror those of a heart attack. Thus it is crucial that those experiencing what they believe to be an angina attack for the first time seek immediate medical attention. In addition, individuals who experience an attack that differs from prior attacks should also consult a physician.
