A retinaculum is a term given to the structure responsible for holding a tissue or organ in its proper location. There are several of these structures found within the human body. The term retinaculum is also used to describe a medical instrument used during surgery to retract various tissues during the operation.
The superior extensor retinaculum located in the foot is a thick band of a type of connective tissue known as crural fascia. This fascia travels from the malleolus, a bony structure found on the side of the ankle, to the front of the joint of the ankle. From there, it travels to the dorsum, which is located on the back of the foot.
On the front part of the leg, there is a thick fascia called the inferior extensor retinaculum. This fascia attaches itself to both of the major bones of the leg, the tibia and the fibula. This structure holds the extensor tendons in place.
The extensor retinaculum found in the hand is part of the connective tissue known as the antebrachial fascia. This fascia is located in the forearm and is attached to the bone in the arm known as the ulna. The retinaculum in this area of the body is situated over the extensor tendons.
There is a very strong band of connective tissue, or fascia, in the foot called the flexor retinaculum. This structure begins at the medial malleolus, which is a process found at the bottom of the tibia, helping to form the ankle. From there, it moves to the calcaneus, the bone that creates the heel of the foot. This retinaculum works to hold the surrounding tendons in place. It also serves to protect the tibial nerve.
Injury is possible to any retinaculum found in the body. The most common injuries relating to this structure are found in the foot in the form of painful sprains and fractures. Medical conditions such as gout or diabetes can also lead to pain in this area of the body.
Treatment is dependent upon the cause of the injury or damage. If a fracture is involved, a cast is often used, and resting the affected area is important, regardless of the cause of the pain. Over-the-counter or prescription medications are often helpful during the healing process as well. In severe cases of injury where more conservative methods of treatment have not been successful or are not viable options, surgery may be required.
