Factors that affect a sufficient glucagon dose include the age and weight of the patient. The standard glucagon dose for adults experiencing profound low blood sugar is 1 mg, and children generally receive only half of what the normal adult dose is. Glucagon is used in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. It is given intravenously, subcutaneously, which means under the skin, and into a muscle, or intramuscularly. The most effect treatment for very low blood sugar is the intravenous administration of dextrose or sugar solution, however, if not available, glucagon is the next best treatment option.
The standard glucagon dose can cause side effects, however, these side effects typically outweigh the benefits when given for dangerously low blood sugar. Sometimes, it is hard to differentiate between side effects of the glucagon dose and the effects of low blood sugar. Side effects from a glucagon dose include nausea and vomiting, however, these too, can be related to severely low blood sugar levels. A person with dangerously low blood sugar levels is frequently not coherent, so if vomiting occurs, the person needs to be placed on his side to avoid choking.
Allergic reactions can occur as a result of a glucagon dose and might include swelling of the throat or mouth, difficulty breathing, rash, and hives. Wheezing, facial redness, and chest pain can also occur. If these allergic reactions occur, the individual needs emergency medical attention to avoid complications, such as respiratory or cardiac arrest.
Glucagon can react negatively with other medications, including beta blockers medications that regulate the heart rate and lower blood pressure, and anti-coagulant medications. Beta blockers can render glucagon ineffective in raising blood sugar levels, and glucagon can also occasionally increase blood pressure and heart rate in those taking beta blocking medications. People taking medications to thin the blood who receive glucagon may have an increased risk of bleeding. This is typically seen in those who receive a very high glucagon dose, however.
The health care provider should be aware of pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, allergies, adrenal gland tumors, and pancreatic tumors, prior to glucagon therapy. Also, those who are pregnant or who may be thinking about getting pregnant should alert their health care providers prior to receiving glucagon. It may not be safe to take glucagon when breastfeeding, because it can cause side effects, such as poor feeding and vomiting in the baby.