A geoscientist conducts extensive field and laboratory research to learn about the various processes and phenomena that occur on and inside the earth. He or she may specialize in many different areas of geology and geophysics. A geoscientist might examine rocks, sediments, or fossils from a certain area, or study the geologic nature of volcanoes, glaciers, oceans, and other unique physical features. Many professionals conduct extensive research on natural forces and processes that shape the earth. Geoscientists might work for universities, private research labs, petroleum companies, engineering firms, government agencies, or nonprofit environmental organizations.
Research geoscientists usually spend a great deal of time in the field, making observations and collecting samples of minerals and sediments for laboratory analysis. Geophysicists frequently employ specialized field equipment to predict and measure the amount of magnetism or seismic activity in an area. Geochemistry experts analyze the chemical content of rock samples to determine the presence of certain elements or unnatural pollutants. Scientists known as stratigraphers study rock layers to determine the age, structure and changes of the earth itself. Paleontologists specialize in collecting and studying fossil remains, which give reveals facts about evolution and the earth's environment in the past.
A professional geoscientist might be responsible for surveying land or seabeds to determine their structure and content. Engineering geologists, for example, survey potential building sites to confirm their stability. Petroleum geologists try to pinpoint the location of crude oil reserves for future drilling. Oceanographers track ocean tides, sediment deposits, and seafloor spreading to learn about their causes and effects.
Many experts work for government agencies and nonprofit organizations, promoting conservation and education efforts. A geoscientist might research the effects of global warming, weatherization, and human activity on a certain area, and work to protect against further damage. He or she may actively engage in cleanup efforts, give speeches and seminars about the importance of conservation, or publish articles and books on the subject.
To become a geoscientist in any specialty, a person must typically hold at least a master's degree. Many employers prefer to hire individuals with doctoral degrees in specific subfields of geology or geophysics. Most new scientists assume fellowships after graduation, where they gain firsthand knowledge of different research techniques by working alongside experienced professionals. After a period of one to two years, a scientist may be allowed to begin conducting independent research. Some states, countries, and employers require geoscientists to pass licensing examinations if they will be involved in engineering and architectural geology.
