The signs of an allergic reaction to nuts are similar to other allergies, ranging from skin rashes to potentially lethal anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction affecting multiple body systems. An allergic reaction to nuts occurs when the body’s immune system identifies a normally harmless food as a dangerous invader. This signals the immune system into action, causing a host of symptoms. Vomiting, cramping, problems breathing, hoarseness and other symptoms begin within a short time after eating the specific food. Food intolerances have symptoms similar to food allergies, but the immune system is not involved.
Skin rashes, itchiness and hives are the most common symptoms of allergic reaction to nuts. The face, lips or tongue may swell after eating peanuts or tree nuts. Other symptoms of an allergic reaction to nuts include diarrhea, dizziness and coughing. The most severe reaction affects the entire body, causing anaphylactic shock. This life-threatening condition occurs after at least one prior exposure to the nut allergen.
Anaphylaxis begins within moments of ingesting nut allergens. Breathing becomes difficult and the patient may lose consciousness. The immune system produces a chain reaction assault on the antigen, leading to the production of histamines and other chemicals. These substances affect the organs and tissues of the body, causing the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Immediate medical attention is required if symptoms are severe or persistent.
Statistics show that the incidence of allergic reaction to nuts in children is increasing. Tree nut and peanut allergies, along with allergies to eggs, milk, shellfish, soy and wheat, are the most common food allergies in children. It is not necessary to ingest food for children to have an allergic reaction to nuts. For some individuals, skin contact can cause allergic reactions, showing that only a tiny amount of the allergen is needed to trigger the immune system. A recent study found the severe allergic reaction to nuts, anaphylaxis, was more frequent in children with allergies to peanuts and cashews.
The only way to stop allergic reactions to nuts is to completely eliminate them from the diet. Although medications — including antihistamines and special creams for reactions such as hives — can alleviate symptoms, the allergy still exists. Patients who have a history of a severe allergic reaction to nuts are advised to carry an epinephrine injector. At the first sign of a serious reaction, the epinephrine should be injected. Immediately after using epinephrine, medical attention should be sought.