Causes of tetanus include certain types of bacterial contamination that typically occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through wounds, surgical incisions, or frostbite. In addition, abscesses, either external or internal, can sometimes create a pathway for the bacteria. The bacteria considered the causes of tetanus were first isolated in 1899, and in 1924, a vaccine was developed to protect humans from the disease.
Clostridium tetani is the bacteria that produces spores believed to be the primary causes of tetanus. These spores are usually found in dirt where animals have deposited waste. In addition, these bacteria can sometimes be found in common dust, where it can survive for many years. Sometimes the bacteria is dormant, other times it is active, but in either state, it can cause tetanus. Wounds that are received outdoors, such as stepping on an old rusty nail are more prone to tetanus, because they are most commonly exposed to this type of bacteria, however, any open wound could be a conduit for the bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
Causes of tetanus are sometimes related to tattoos, intravenous drug use, and body piercing. If needles and instruments used for these applications are not sterile, there is a possibility that they could transfer the bacteria. It is advisable, if considering a body piercing or tattoo, to make sure disposable needles are used for these procedures, as most disposable needles are pre-sterilized. Other common causes of tetanus include animal bites and surgical procedures. Animals often carry tetanus bacteria in the plaque that builds up on their teeth, and when the teeth of the animal penetrate skin, the bacteria can be deposited directly into the wound.
Even people who have been vaccinated against tetanus can still get the disease, because tetanus vaccines are only good for about seven years, after which time, booster shots are required. According to studies regarding immunization in adults, many people do not keep their vaccines current. In many cases, people wait until they have received a tetanus-related injury before having their vaccine updated. Sometimes these late immunizations can guard against the bacteria, but not in all cases. It is advisable to immunize regularly against the disease for optimal resistance.
Symptoms of tetanus usually include diarrhea, headache, and muscle cramps. Some people also experience sore throat and fever. If tetanus is not treated quickly, it can escalate into a life-threatening condition. In instances where tetanus has not received prompt treatment, heart attack, blood poisoning, or kidney failure can sometimes occur.
