Typically used for pain relief, opioids are chemical substances that bind to cellular receptors in the nervous system, intestinal tract, and elsewhere in the body. Natural opiates include morphine and codeine, which are generally derived from plants. Synthetic opioids are substances that can have similar effects and are commonly used to treat pain caused by illnesses and injuries. They include methadone and buprenorphine. Others medications such as fentanyl, tramadol, and pethadine are classified as synthetic opioids as well.
Methadone is often used to treat pain, and sometimes drug addiction; it typically last longer than opiates such as morphine. It is usually not metabolized as quickly, but the pain relieving effects are often shorter so more doses are sometimes required in a short period of time. People sometimes become dependent on this drug, and an overdose can be very dangerous.
Another variety of synthetic opioids is buprenorphine. It is also used for pain treatment in higher doses than methadone, but can have side effects like drowsiness, breathing problems, and vomiting. The half-life is typically longer than methadone. Also used for treating drug addictions, buprenorphine is sometimes abused as well and is often regulated by regional agencies because doctors sometimes do not prescribe it for the appropriate conditions.
These medications can block other opioids in the body, so physicians should know whether one is taking similar drugs when ordering prescriptions. There are tests that can show if synthetic opioids or other similar substances are present. These can help determine what one may be taking if addiction is suspected, or if treatment by a similar medication is required. Side effects can be worse if one takes anti-depressants at the same time. Both synthetic opioids can also be used to help one detoxify from prescription or other addictive drugs.
Opioids for pain also include fentanyl, a drug that normally provides more pain relief than morphine. It is generally considered one of the most potent opioid-based pain relievers. Often used after surgery or for chronic pain, it can be in the form of a pill, patch, or sometimes a lollipop. Another one of the synthetic opioids is tramadol, a pain reliever that is used on humans and in veterinary medicine; like similar medications, it can be habit forming and an overdose can have serious consequences. Some synthetic opioids are also used to treat coughs, diarrhea, as well as frequent headaches.