There is a connection between cytokines and arthritis, especially in the discussion of rheumatoid arthritis. In patients who have this disease, cytokine levels are usually found to be especially high. This indicates that increased production of cytokines may be an underlying cause or contributing factor in rheumatoid arthritis.
Cytokines are proteins produced by cells. There are various types, but the type which is most linked to arthritis involves the immune system. These proteins attach to certain cells and stimulate an immune response, which can include inflammation and pain. When disease is present this can be a positive thing, because it alerts the immune system to take action and allows the patient to recognize that he or she is sick. When there is no underlying illness, however, it is a negative reaction because the immune system begins attacking the body's own tissues.
Thos who study cytokines and arthritis suspect that the body produces too much of the immune stimulating proteins. This leads to inflammation of the joints, which causes pain, stiffness, and other uncomfortable symptoms. The immune system eventually begins to attack and destroy tissues in the joints, primarily the cartilage which buffers the friction between each side of a joint as it moves. As these tissues are destroyed, pain may worsen over time.
Another connection between cytokines and arthritis involves treatment for the disease. Many arthritis medications block the production of cytokines in order to prevent further damage to the joints. They may also contain pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications to help alleviate symptoms. Arthritis is not curable, but it can be managed with proper treatment. Once the cartilage within the joints is destroyed, however, it cannot be replaced and it does not regenerate effectively as with most other tissues in the body.
Cytokines and arthritis are not always linked, as there are several different types of arthritis. In order to determine which type, doctors can run tests checking for cytokines and other chemical responses within the body. Treatment may vary depending on the type of disease. In some cases, more than one type of arthritis may be present at once since many are caused by some type of autoimmune response.